Kar1 Marx,the man who was the first to givesocialism,and thereby the whole labour move-ment of our day, ia scientific foundation, was bornat Treves in 1818.He studied in Bonn and Berlin,at first taking up law, but he soon devoted himself exclusively to the study of history and philosophy,and in 1842 was on the point of establishinighimself as an assistant professor in philosophy when the political movement which had arisensince the death of Frederick William IIl directedhis life into a different channel.With his collabo-ration，the leaders ofthe Rhenish libera1bourgeoisie, the Camphausens， Hansemanns, etc.,had founded, in Cologne, the Rheinische Zeitung*and in the iautumn of 1842,Marx, whose criticismof the proceedings of the Rhenish Landtag diethad excited very great attention，was put_ at thehead ofthe paper.The Rheinische Zeitungnaturally appeared under censorship，but the censorship could not cope with it.* The Rhei-nische Zeitung almost always got through thearticles which mattered;the censor was first sup-plied with insignificant fodder for him to strikeout，unti1l he either gave way of himself or wascompelled to give way by the threat that then thepaper would not appear the next day.Ten news-papers with the same courage as the Rheinischezeitung and whose publishers would have alloweda few hundred thalers extra to be expended ontypesetting-and the censorship would have beenmade impossible in Germany as early as 1843.But the German newspaper owners were petty-minded,timid philistines and the RheinischeZeitung carried on the struggle alone. It wore outone censor after another; finally it came under adouble censorship; after the first censorship theRegierungsprasident** had once more and finallyto censor it. That also was of no avail. In thebeginning of 1843,the government declared thatit was impossible to keep this newspaper in checkand suppressed it without more ado.